原標(biāo)題：西安環(huán)球教育老師講解雅思寫作中的改寫技巧
英語表達(dá)中一般都是傾向盡量避免重復(fù)repetition，而大多雅思寫作老師教學(xué)中都會(huì)有這樣的要求：Never use the same word or write the same thing twice in a sentence unless you are repeating intentionally for emphasis or for clarity!
再補(bǔ)一刀:Fowler兄弟在The King's English中提到，the repetition is more or less abnormal.The words repeated would ordinarily be either varied or left out.
同學(xué)們聽到這樣,看到這里的話，滴血的心里估計(jì)都只有默默的叫苦:“我也知道呀，但臣妾做不到呀!”本來單詞量就有限，換兩下估計(jì)就到絕路了!
然而雅思寫作中有這樣的要求：a wide range of vocabulary and expressions are expected to be used and there should not be too much repetition。因?yàn)樵谙裱潘歼@樣的語言測試中，詞匯資源的豐富是非常重要的考察點(diǎn)，準(zhǔn)確多樣的表達(dá)是一應(yīng)試者的語言能力的主要體現(xiàn)之一。
今天環(huán)球教育(原環(huán)球雅思)西安分校的杜向妮老師給打算要出國學(xué)習(xí)的同學(xué)們支幾招，看怎么樣絕處逢生，把導(dǎo)致我們頻頻被扣分的重復(fù)(repetition)消滅在英語寫作中。
Tip1:替代substitution/pro-forms
Substitution is a device for abbreviating and for avoiding repetition.In this second respect it is similar to use of lexical equivalents that are not identical repetition.——by R.Quirk
常用的代名詞有this/that/both/neither/one/ones/which/the former/the latter/the kind。通俗點(diǎn)講，用好各種指代形式來代替句子中或上文出現(xiàn)的詞或信息尤其this，these，the former,the latter，which這些指代不但能很好的避免重復(fù)還能起到很好邏輯關(guān)聯(lián)作用。
例如:A problem of modern societies is the declining level of health in the general population,with conflicting views on how to tackle this worrying trend.(Cambridge 9,test 3)The harsh surroundings saw many who tried to settle their pushed to their limits,although some were successful.The Thule people were an example of the latter and for them the environment did not prove unmanageable.(Cambridge 6.test1)
Making the punishment fit the crime is a useful notion,which would see children being made to pick up rubbish they have dropped,clean up graffiti they have drawn,or apologize to someone they have hurt.(Cambridge 10.test1)
Tip 2:省略omission/zero substitution
即在并列的重復(fù)句式中，后句可省略和前句重復(fù)的詞。
例如:
近朱者赤，近墨者黑
Association with the good can only produce good,with the wicked,evil.
野心乃成功之母但也是邪惡之源!
Ambition is the mother of success as well as of evil.
Tip3:變換variation
Synonym同近義詞變換
必須要說，此方法是使用率最高的方法，但也是同學(xué)們常出錯(cuò)和倍感詞匯量小，無力感逼死人的方法。此方法使用前提就是詞匯量不能太小!
同學(xué)們可以把一些雅思�？荚掝}核心詞匯都有目的背寫，考場上就從容淡定了!比如環(huán)保類話題肯定會(huì)多次提及protect the environment,那我們就可以同近義變換成:preserve the nature;keep the ecological balance;maintain the eco-balance;meet the challenges in the environment.
Hyponymy上下義詞變換
使用上義詞或概括詞generic term來變換真的是一個(gè)考官都超級(jí)喜歡用的方法，不但會(huì)避免重復(fù)還很好得體現(xiàn)了，段落文章整體的關(guān)聯(lián)。
例如:
下屬詞specific words在論證段落的奇效就更不用多言了，看例文:
Too much emphasis on military force would lay a heavy strain on the development of other industries.Maintaining the readiness of the army and the research of the advanced weapons may take up a large amount of limited funds and resource,thus slow down the growth of the other categories in a country.
段中心句中的核心詞military force在第二句解釋中改寫成了下屬詞，readiness of the army and the research of the advanced weapons.首句中的heavy strain具體化成了take up a large amount of limited funds and resources.這些改寫不但使得我們?cè)贚R(lexical resource)上得分，而且還可以體現(xiàn)出內(nèi)容上非常好的推進(jìn)progressive explanation，這都是英語議論文的打分要害。
總之，除了同近義替換以外，并列中的省略、指代和上下義詞都是可以幫助我們?cè)谟⒄Z寫作中避免用詞表達(dá)的重復(fù)，體現(xiàn)出我們?cè)~匯表達(dá)的多樣和語言熟練能力。
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